ARTICLE

Aberrations of TBX2-CHK2-p53 Signaling Pathway and its Role in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

A B S T R A C T

Background and Objectives: The dismal outcome of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) highlights the necessity of identifying new biomarkers and pathogenesis for this aggressive sarcoma. Therefore, it is necessary to detect the aberrations of the TBX2-CHK2-p53 pathway and investigate its biological role in MPNST.
Methods: Genetic aberrations of TBX2, CHK2 and p53 were detected by next generation sequencing (NGS) in 10 MPNST samples. Protein expression of TBX2, CHK2, p53, Ki-67 and cyclin D1 were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 63 MPNST samples.
Results: Our present data demonstrated that there were gene mutations of TBX2, CHK2 and p53 in MPNST samples. TBX2 expression was correlated with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, recurrence and metastasis. Correlation analysis found that TBX2 was positively correlated with CHK2 (p=0.045) and CHK2 was positively correlated with p53 (p=0.006). Furthermore, both CHK2 and p53 were positively correlated with Ki-67 (p<0.05), which is related to tumor differentiation, metastasis and prognosis. As for survival analyses, patients with high TBX2, CHK2 and p53 expression exhibited shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), respectively (p<0.05) and TBX2 and CHK2 were independent prognostic factors for MPNST patients (p<0.05).
Conclusion: There are genetic aberrations of the TBX2-CHK2-p53 signaling pathway in MPNST, which might promote the progression of MPNST by increasing Ki-67 expression. Thus, TBX2 and CHK2 might be useful markers for MPNST.

Keywords

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath, tumor, next generation sequencing, TBX2, CHK2, proliferation

Introduction

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a subtype of soft tissue sarcoma of ectomesenchyme origin, arising from peripheral nerve branches or sheaths of peripheral nerve fibers [1, 2]. The overall incidence of MPNST in the general population is 1/100000 and it accounts for approximately 5–10% of all soft tissue sarcomas [1-7].

They occur either sporadically, in association with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), or subsequent to radiation therapy [8-10]. Because of invasive growth, propensity to metastasis, and limited sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation, MPNST has a poor prognosis [11, 12]. Therefore, the identification of novel biomarkers and investigation of pathogenesis are required to further understand this aggressive sarcoma.

The developmentally important transcription factor T-box2 (TBX2) has been suggested as a novel anticancer drug target as it is overexpressed in several cancers and possesses strong anti-senescence and pro-proliferative functions [13-17]. However, it is reported that TBX2 represses PTEN by directly binding to its promoter and recruiting the histone deacetylase, HDAC1, in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) [18]. Therefore, TBX2 works as a central component of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway deregulation in RMS cells and targeting TBX2 in RMS tumors may offer a novel therapeutic approach for RMS [18]. It is also reported that EGR1 interacts with TBX2 in RMS and the interaction inhibits EGR1 dependent gene expression, which includes the cell cycle regulators p21 and PTEN as well as other important cell growth drivers such as NDRG1 and CST6 [19]. So, it is still controversial about the role of TBX2 in carcinoma and sarcoma.

In an attempt to identify whether the overexpression of endogenous TBX2 is associated with cisplatin resistance in TBX2-driven cancers, S Wansleben et al. demonstrated that TBX2 is positioned upstream of CHK2-p53, which is essential for the cisplatin-induced activation of CHK2 and p53 [20]. Knocking down TBX2 in cisplatin-resistant breast cancer cell line MCF-7 leads to the reduction of phosphorylated CHK2 and p53 and then an abrogation of an S-phase arrest but a robust G2/M arrest, which prevent DNA repair and result in TBX2-deficient cells entering mitosis with damaged DNA and consequently undergoing mitotic catastrophe, sensitizing the cells to cisplatin [20]. TBX2 expression may also serve as a predictive marker of the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy for patients with ovarian serous carcinoma [21].

Although the TBX2-CHK2-p53 pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in the drug sensitivity, deterioration and proliferation of different cancers, the biological role of the TBX2-CHK2-p53 pathway in the pathogenesis of MPNST is rarely reported. In this study, we detected the genetic abnormalities of the TBX2-CHK2-p53 pathway by next generation sequencing (NGS) and measured the expression of the corresponding proteins in the MPNST samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to evaluate their roles in MPNST. Our data suggest that there exist mutations of TBX2, CHK2, and p53 genes and TBX2-CHK2-p53 pathway may promote tumor cell proliferation by increasing expression of Ki-67.

Materials and Methods

I Patients and Tissue Specimens

All tissues and information collection took place with the ethical approval of the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) at Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital (TMUCIH) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 1983. All patients included in the study provided informed written consent [22, 23]. Sixty-three formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE) MPNST samples and matching patient records were acquired from Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital. All samples were evaluated by two pathologists (one from each institution) to confirm the diagnosis and ensure that each specimen contained at least 90% of the tumor.

Patient information collected included sex, age, NF1 status, tumor location, largest diameter of the tumor, clinical AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) stage of the tumor, time to recurrence, metastatic status and treatments [1, 22]. The presence of the NF-1 syndrome was determined by the NIH criteria [9, 24]. Ten fresh tumor samples with qualified DNA quality were selected from the above 63 cases of tissue samples and subjected to the NGS (Table 1). The tumor sequencing of two different locations was performed in patient no. 7.

II Follow-Up

The patients with MPNST were followed up by interview at the clinic or by phone call. Regional tumor recurrence, distant metastasis, and patient survival were recorded. The disease-free survival (DFS) was defined as the time from diagnosis until the occurrence of recurrence or metastasis. For overall survival (OS) analysis, the duration was defined as the time from diagnosis to death or the last follow-up. During follow-up, 41 patients (65.1%) had a disease progression (recurrence or/and metastasis), 36(57.1%) patients died of progressive disease and 20 (31.7%) patients still alive, 7 (11.1%) patients were lost to follow up.

III Next Generation Sequencing

The DNA extraction kit was purchased from Qiagen, Germany. DNA extraction is done by our employees [22]. Then, the prepared DNA working solution was sent to BGI (Shenzhen, China) for sequencing, and the sequencing data was used for bioinformatics analysis.

IV Immunohistochemistry and Protein Expression Evaluation

Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) was performed using the streptavidin-peroxidase (SP) method. The primary antibodies used were as follows: anti-TBX2(1:50, Novusbiologicals, CA, USA), anti-CHK2 (1:200, Abcam, San Francisco, CA, USA), anti-p53 (1:100, Abcam Company, San Francisco, CA, USA), anti-Ki-67 (1:50, Beijing Zhong Shan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co. Ltd, China) and anti-cyclinD1 (1:50, Beijing Zhong Shan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co.Ltd, China). PBS was used as a negative control.

Two senior pathologists who did not know the clinicopathological data randomly evaluated the results of immunohistochemical staining in ten high-power (40x) fields in each section. TBX2, CHK2 and p53 immunoreactivity was assessed by staining intensity and the distribution of positively stained tumor cells in previous studies [25-27]. The intensity was scored as negative (0), weak positive (1), moderate positive (2), and strong positive (3). The staining distribution was scored as 0 for <10%, 1 for 10–25%, and 2 for 26–50%, 3 for 51–75%, 4 for >75% positively stained cells. The sum of the staining intensity and distribution scores was used to express immunoreactivity. A total score 0-3 was considered as low expression and 4-7 as high expression.

As previously reported, the expression status of cyclinD1 was set as follows: "-" (0 ≤ the percentage of positive cells <10%), "+-" (10 ≤% the percentage of positive cells < 25%),"+" (25% ≤ the percentage of positive cells < 50%),"++" (50% ≤ the percentage of positive cells < 75%) and "+++" (the percentage of positive cells ≥ 75%). In addition, "-" and "+-" were regarded as negative staining, "+", "++" and "+++" were regarded as positive staining [28].The expression status of Ki-67 was assessed according to the estimated proportion of the nuclear staining of tumor cells that were positively stained. Scoring criteria for Ki-67 were as follows (in the form of the proportion of nuclear staining = score): None = 0, <1% = 1, 1%–10% = 2, 10%–50% = 3, and >50% = 4. Tumors with a score of 2 or greater for Ki67 were considered to be positive [29].

V Statistical Analysis

Analyses were conducted using SPSS 22.0 software for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The correlation of protein expression with clinicopathological characteristics was determined by Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact tests. Correlation analysis between proteins was evaluated by Spearman’s rank correlation. Survival curves were generated by the Kaplan–Meier method and a log-rank test. On the univariate and multivariate analyses, the Cox proportional hazard method was used to identify independent predictors of survival. Confidence intervals (95%) were calculated. A two-sided p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant in all tests.

Results

I The Genome Aberrations of MPNST Detected by NGS

The result of NGS revealed that the genome of MPNST is highly unstable and some common genes and typical mutation types were detected, such as p53, RB1, PTEN, etc. (Figure 1A). Also, we demonstrated the percentage of each gene mutation in these 10 samples and mutation rate per MB in each sample, which indicated the landscape of genetic aberrations of MPNST (Figures 1B & 1C). As aberrations of some genes such as PTEN, TP53, AKT1 and RB1 have been reported in previous MPNST studies, we detected more novel genetic aberrations in MPNST [8, 22, 30-32]. Specifically, there existed genomic mutations of TJP1, PML, PIWIL1, NDRG1, Vimentin, HDAC1, CTNNB1 and CST6. There also existed mutations of cell proliferation markers MKI67, CCND1, CCNE1 and CCNA2, cancer-related genes CDKN2D, CDH1, CDH2, EGR1 and MDM2, etc. However, the biological significance of these genetic aberrations needs further investigation to make clear their roles in the pathogenesis and progression of MPNST.

II Genetic Mutations of TBX2-CHK2-p53 Pathway

TBX2 is aberrantly amplified in more than 40% of breast cancer, melanoma, ovarian, endometrial and pancreatic cancers, correlating with poor clinical outcomes [25, 33-36]. CHK2 mutation analysis has been performed in different types of sporadic human malignancies, such as carcinomas of the breast, lung, osteosarcomas, ovarian, and lymphomas, but the incidence was low [37-40]. Moreover, recent DNA sequencing studies have demonstrated the presence of p53 mutations in some MPNST [27].

More importantly, we found that there existed 1 intron mutation of TBX2 (1/10, 10%). CHK2 mutation included 1 intron and 2 missense mutations (3/10, 30%). p53 had 2 intron and 3 missense mutations and 1 frameshift deletion (6/10, 60%) (Figure 1A). Also, P53 and Ki-67 were the most frequently mutated genes (Figure 1C). Thus, we suggested that genetic mutations of TBX2-CHK2-p53 pathway are important factors in the occurrence and progression of MPNST, while Ki-67 might also involve in this pathway.

III Protein Expression of TBX2, CHK2 and p53 and Their Correlation with Clinicopathological Parameters in MPNSTs

The TBX2 protein was predominantly localized to the nucleus of cancer cells in MPNST tissues. CHK2 and p53 were also mainly expressed in the nucleus of cancer cells (Figures 2A, 2D & 2G). Among the 63 MPNST tissues, 38 cases (38/63, 60.3%) exhibited high TBX2 protein expression. High expression of CHK2 and p53 were present in 30 (30/63, 47.6%) and 19 (19/63, 30.2%) cases, respectively.

Next, we investigated the associations of TBX2, CHK2, and p53 expression with clinicopathological parameters of MPNST patients (Table 2). TBX2 expression was correlated with clinical AJCC stage (χ2=13.761, p=0.003), recurrence (χ2=4.291, p=0.038) and metastasis (χ2=15.918, p<0.001). However, there was no association among CHK2 and p53 with clinicopathological parameters (Table 2).

IV MPNST Patients with High Levels of TBX2, CHK2 and p53 Expression Have Worse Disease-Free Survival and Overall Survival

Correlation analysis showed that TBX2 was positively correlated with CHK2 (p = 0.045), but not with p53 (p = 0.396). Similarly, CHK2 was positively correlated with p53 (p = 0.006). The median overall survival time (OS) for the high expression group of TBX2, CHK2 and p53 was 40.6, 33.1, 27.4 months compared with 100.5, 91.0, 86.5 months for the low expression group, respectively. The median disease-free survival time (DFS) for the high expression group of TBX2, CHK2 and p53 was 10.4, 8.5, 8.4 months compared with 42.5, 30.5, 23.7 months for the low expression group, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed that patients with high TBX2 expression exhibited a shorter DFS and OS than those with low TBX2 expression (both p＜0.01) (Figures 2A & 2C). Patients with high CHK2 expression has a shorter DFS and OS than those with low CHK2 expression (both p＜0.05) (Figures 2D & 2F). Patients with high p53 expression has a shorter DFS and OS than those with low p53 expression (both p＜0.05) (Figures 2G & 2I).

V TBX2-CHK2-p53 Pathway May Promote Cells Proliferation by Increasing Expression of Ki-67 in MPNST

To clarify the association of the TBX2-CHK2-p53 pathway with cell proliferation and cell cycle, the expression of Ki-67 and cyclin D1 was examined in MPNST tissues. As an NF1 type related protein (Table 3), Ki-67 was mainly expressed in the nucleus of cancer cells (Figure 3A). And positive Ki-67 expression was observed in 29 cases (29/63, 46.0%) of MPNST tissues. Kaplan–Meier analysis result showed patients with positive Ki-67 expression had worse DFS than those with negative Ki-67 expression (χ2 =6.562, p=0.010) (Figure 3C) but had no correlation with OS (Figure 3D). Among the 63 tumor specimens, both of CHK2 and p53 expression positively correlated with the Ki-67 expression (p=0.034 and p<0.001, respectively). But there was no correlation between TBX2 and Ki-67(p=0.201).

Our results also showed that cyclin D1 was also mainly located in the nucleus of cancer cells (Figure 3B), but it had no correlation with these clinicopathological parameters (Table 3). The positive expression rate of cyclin D1 was 28.6% (18/63). But the expression of cyclin D1 had no correlation with TBX2, CHK2 and p53 and there was no prognostic value with cyclin D1 (Figures 3E & 3F).

VI TBX2 and CHK2 were Independent Prognostic Factors for OS in MPNST

Univariate analysis indicated that NF1 type, tumor site, AJCC stage, recurrence, metastasis, TBX2, CHK2, p53 and Ki-67 were bad prognostic factors for DFS. Radiotherapy was a good prognostic factor for DFS (all p<0.05, Table 4). Similarly, recurrence, metastasis, TBX2, CHK2 and p53 were bad prognostic factors for OS (all p<0.05, Table 4). Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that recurrence was a bad prognostic factor for DFS, but p53 was a good prognostic factor for DFS. They were independent prognostic factors for DFS in MPNST patients (both p<0.05, Table 4). TBX2 and CHK2 were bad prognostic factors for OS and they were independent prognostic factors for OS in MPNST patients (both p<0.05, Table 4).

Discussion

MPNST has been previously known as malignant schwannoma, malignant neurilemmoma, neurogenic sarcoma, and neurofibrosarcoma [3, 7, 9]. The dismal outcome not only points to the urgent need to establish better therapeutic strategies for patients harboring MPNSTs but also highlights the importance of exploring the genomic basis of the disease to identify recurrent oncogenic events for targeted therapy [22].

In the present study, there were genes mutations of TBX2, CHK2 and p53 in our samples, so it suggests that genetic mutations of TBX2-CHK2-p53 pathway are important factors and may cause the aberrant expression of corresponding proteins. Moreover, mutations of Ki-67 and cyclin D1 also happened in our samples. But their specific mutation forms, the relationships between mutations and corresponding proteins and whether poor prognosis was caused by mutations in MPNST need further study.

There are few studies on protein expression of the TBX2-CHK2-p53 pathway in neurological tumors. Therefore, the main contribution of this study is to detect its expression in MPNST and analyze its clinical significance. High TBX2, CHK2 and p53 expression exhibited a shorter DFS and OS time than those with low TBX2, CHK2 and p53 expression. These results indicate that TBX2, CHK2 and p53 may involve in the pathogenesis of MPNST. TBX2 expression was positively correlated with CHK2 expression, CHK2 expression was positively correlated with p53 expression, which indicates that TBX2 may be involved in up-regulating the expression of CHK2 and CHK2 may be involved in up-regulating expression of p53.

In our study, analysis on the relationship between TBX2 and clinicopathological features showed that TBX2 might contribute to the development and metastasis of MPNST because it was associated with AJCC stage, recurrence and metastasis. These results are consistent with previous reports in non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and RMS [18, 19, 36, 41-43]. These results indicated that TBX2 may promote the malignant development of cells, enhance the capacity of proliferation and invasion of cancer cells and easier to break through the basement membrane to the muscle and more distantly invasive growth, all of which increase the degree of malignancy. Therefore, TBX2 may be a candidate marker for evaluating the degree of malignancy in pathological adjuvant diagnosis and a potential target for MPNST therapy.

Tort et al. [38] reported that CHK2 protein expression level was not significantly variable and showed similar patterns in different types of lymphomas and reactive nonneoplastic tissues. CHK2 expression was not related to the proliferative activity of the tumors. But other studies reported the high expression of CHK2 existed in esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer [44, 45]. Tan P et al. demonstrated that the expression of p53 was correlated with the histological grade but had no correlation with tumor size and clinical stage in invasive ductal carcinoma. Nevertheless, p53 negative could not suggest patients had a survival advantage [46]. Therefore, in our study, although CHK2 and p53 had no correlation with clinical pathological parameters, it did not indicate that they are not related to the pathogenesis and progression of MPNST.

It is well known that Ki-67 is a cell growth-related antigen, which is a high-molecular-weight non-histone protein and the most reliable marker of proliferating cells and its immunostaining has a prognostic value in certain types of cancers and sarcomas [47, 48]. D-type cyclins are cell cycle regulators. Among the D-type cyclins, cyclin D1 behaves as a proto-oncogene and has a positive effect on cell cycle progression. The overexpression of cyclinD1 has been reported in various human malignant neoplasms [49]. Thus, we use Ki-67 and cyclinD1 as surrogates of cell proliferative status and seek to determine whether TBX2-CHK2-p53 pathway is related to Ki-67 and cyclinD1. Our data indicated that both of CHK2 and p53 expression correlated with the Ki-67 expression positively, indicating that CHK2 and p53 may regulate the deterioration and proliferation of MPNST by increasing expression of Ki-67. Thus, TBX2-CHK2-p53 pathway may promote tumor cell proliferation by increasing the expression of Ki-67. Furthermore, TBX2, CHK2 and p53 were located in the nucleus. The reason for these phenomena may be that these three transcription factors in tumor cells are active and play a synergistic or related role in the nucleus of MPNST to promote the biological behavior of tumors, which needs further study.

In conclusion, there is a genetic aberration of the TBX2-CHK2-p53 signaling pathway in MPNST. The expression of corresponding proteins, the mutual relations among them and their correlation with prognosis suggest that the TBX2-CHK2-p53 signaling pathway involved in pathogenesis and progression of MPNST. The activation of the TBX2-CHK2-p53 pathway may promote tumor cell proliferation by increasing the expression of Ki-67. They may present underlying prognostic indicators and potential therapeutic targets for MPNST. The present study provides basis for further investigations on the pathogenesis and related molecular mechanisms of MPNST.

Funding

This work was partly supported by Nature Science Foundation of Tianjin (16JCYBJC24100 to J. Yang).

Conflicts of Interest

None.

Author Contributions

TL, XLD and FYC carried out the major experiments, wrote the manuscript text and analyzed the data. CZ, SH, NN, and HJD contributed to the experimental work, revising the manuscript and discussion of the result obtained. JLY and HJ provided suggestions to the experimental work and reviewed the results. JLY guided in the experimental design and revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final draft of the manuscript.

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© 2023 Jilong Yang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Hosting by Science Repository.

DOI: 10.31487/j.JSO.2020.02.09

AUTHOR INFO

Author Info

Chao Zhang

Fangyuan Chang

Hongji Dai

Jilong Yang

Ting Li

Xiaoling Du

Corresponding Author

Jilong Yang
Departments of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China

FIGURES & TABLES

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