ARTICLE

Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Rectal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Retrospective Study

A B S T R A C T

Background and Study Aims: To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics, surgical and imatinib management and long-term follow-up outcomes of the rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs).
Patients and Methods: Consecutive patients with rectal GISTs admitted to our center (from January 2013 to June 2018) were chosen. Their history information was viewed, and the follow-up results were obtained by phone or medical records.
Results: Forty-nine patients (32 males and 17 females) were identified, with a median age of 59 years, and 36 patients received surgery. Most (46 patients, 93.9%) of the tumor were located within 6 cm from the anal verge, 18 patients (36.7%) had very low or low risk, and 31 patients (63.3%) had intermediate or high risk. Four kinds of surgery approach were applied in our center: trans-abdominal (8 patients, 22.2%), trans-anal/trans-perineal (15 patients, 41.7%), trans-sacral (12 patients, 33.3%) and abdominoperineal (1 patient, 2.8%). The complication is low and the mortality related to surgery is 0%. After a median follow-up of 705 days (ranged from 48 days to 1677 days), 3 patients (8.33%) were found to have a recurrence.
Conclusion: Trans-anal/trans-perineal and trans-sacral surgery were more commonly used in our study, and for now, the recurrence rate had no difference, but a longer time for follow-up is needed.

Keywords

GIST, rectal, surgery, recurrence

Introduction

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract [1]. GISTs can originate from any part of the gastrointestinal tract, with the highest frequency in the stomach and small intestine, while it is relatively rare in the rectum, which accounts for approximately 5% of all GISTs [2]. Complete resection of the tumor is the cornerstone of treatment of localized GISTs, but it is difficult in the rectum due to its anatomical features associated with the pelvis, sphincter muscle and other organs [3]. Till now, no guidelines or consensus has highlighted the optimum surgical approach, and surgeons select the surgical procedure mainly based on the tumor location and size. Furthermore, therapy with imatinib is reported to be highly effective in reducing the sizes of advanced GISTs, increasing the anas-preserving rate, and improving both surgical and survival outcomes [4-7]. The experience of rectal GISTs treatment is limited in the literature up to now, and most studies are small sample-sized, so we conducted this study to share our experience in rectal GISTs from the aspects of clinicopathologic characteristics, surgical and imatinib management and long-term follow-up outcomes [1, 8]. We present the following article in accordance with the STROBE (Link) reporting checklist.

Materials and Methods

I Patients and Data Collection

From January 2013 to June 2018, consecutive patients with rectal GISTs admitted to our center were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were included if their specimens of needle aspiration tissues or surgical tissues were pathologically proven to be rectal GISTs. Patients were excluded if they met any of the following criteria: a) the GISTs located in any other part of the gastrointestinal tract except in the rectum; b) foreign patients. Patients’ history information, laboratory tests, endoscopic results, ultrasonography results, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results, surgery procedure details and status after the surgery were viewed. Then we obtained the follow-up results by telephoning the patients or by searching for the medical records in our hospital since this hospitalization. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board.

II Statistical Analysis

All statistical analysis was performed by IBM SPSS Statistic Version 24.0.0.0. Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed with mean and standard deviation (SD). Continuous variables without normal distribution were expressed with median and range. Categorical variables were expressed with numbers and percentages. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess the recurrence-free survival of the patients who underwent surgery.

Results

I Patient Characteristics

We finally identified 49 patients (32 males and 17 females), with a median age of 59 years, and among which 36 patients received surgery, while 13 patients did not. Upon diagnosis, 2 patients (4.1%) were found to have liver metastasis. Nine patients have been diagnosed with rectal GISTs, and received surgery before, and diagnosed with recurrence this time. The top five common chief complaints were rectal pain or discomfort (21 patients, 42.9%), change of bowel habits (20 patients, 40.8%), rectal bleeding (16 patients, 32.7%), difficult defecation (14 patients, 28.6%), and discovered by health examination without any symptoms (17 patients, 34.7%). The size of the tumor ranged from 0.5 cm to 14.7 cm, with a median of 5 cm. Most (46 patients, 93.9%) of the tumor were located within 6 cm from the anal verge (Table 1). Based on the National Institute of Health (NIH) risk categories, 18 patients (36.7%) had very low or low risk, and 31 patients (63.3%) had intermediate or high risk. Seven patients had KIT mutation detection, 6 patients had a mutation in KIT exon 11, and one patient had a mutation in KIT exon 9. Six patients also had platelet derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) mutation detection, and 3 patients had a mutation in PDGFRA exon 18, and 3 patients with wild type. The immunohistochemical results of the tumors are shown in (Table 2).

II Imatinib Mesylate Treatment and Surgery

For 13 patients, the sizes of the tumor were very large and the tumor invaded other organs in the pelvis. After multidisciplinary consultation, imatinib mesylate was advised. The other 36 patients received surgery, and among whom 15 patients had received imatinib treatment before surgery and based on the NIH risk categories and patients’ economic status, 16 patients received imatinib treatment after surgery. In summary, there were four kinds of surgical procedures, including trans-abdominal (8 patients, 22.2%), trans-anal/trans-perineal (15 patients, 41.7%), trans-sacral (12 patients, 33.3%) and abdominoperineal (1 patient, 2.8%). The background patterns of the tumors in each group are shown in (Table 3). The most common complications after surgery were fistula (5 patients, 13.9%), including anastomotic fistula (2 patients, 5.6%), rectal skin fistula (1 patient, 2.8%), rectovaginal fistula (2 patients, 5.6%). Other complications were abdominal/pelvis infection (3 patients, 8.3%), wound infection (1 patient, 2.8%), disruption of wound (1 patient, 2.8%) and pelvic floor hernia (1 patient, 2.8%). All patients recovered from the operative or/ and conservative treatment, and the mortality related to surgery is 0%. The median hospital stay was 23.5 days for the patients receiving surgery, with a range from 3 days to 90 days.

III Follow-up Results

After a median follow-up of 705 days (ranged from 48 days to 1677 days), for the 36 patients who received surgery, 2 patients (5.56%) got lost, 3 patients (8.33%) were found to have a recurrence. Figure 1 shows the recurrence-free survival (RFS) curves of the patients who received surgery. And for the 13 patients who did not receive surgery but received imatinib, 2 patients (15.38%) were lost during follow-up, 2 patients (15.38%) had advancement, 8 patients (61.54%) had regression, and 1 patient stayed the same.

Discussion

Rectal GISTs are much less common compared to GISTs in the stomach and small intestine, and their clinical features and treatment outcomes were not well documented. In this study, we analysed the clinicopathologic characteristics, surgery approach, the usage of imatinib and follow-up outcomes of rectal GISTs. In this study, the patients’ median age was 59 years, and 65.3% of those were male. Most (46 patients, 93.9%) of the tumor were located within 6 cm from the anal verge with a median of 5 cm, consistent with previous reports [9-11]. Because it is easy to occur in the middle and lower part of the rectum, a digital rectal examination is a very important way to find lesions. It can roughly judge its position, shape, hardness, tenderness, mobility and observe whether the fingertip is stained with blood when withdrawing. The main primary symptoms were anal discomfort or pain, bleeding, constipation and others [12, 13]. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, contrast-enhanced CT and MRI are the common diagnostic methods, and transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy can diagnose the stromal tumor and guide the treatment [14].

The stromal tumors are mainly composed of spindle cells, but they need to be differentiated from leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas [15]. The immunohistochemical analysis can be CD117 (KIT) positive dominantly, CD34, PDGFRA, smooth muscle actin, S-100, and vimentin-positive occasionally. Miettinen et al. reported that the expression rates of CD117 and CD34 in 96 cases of rectal GISTs were 100% and 94%, respectively [16]. In this study, the expression rates of CD117 and CD34 were 97.8% and 97.8% in sequence, which was similar to the previous literature. KIT mutation detection is reported to be similar to that of the small intestinal stromal tumor, and KIT exon 11 mutation is the most common, while PDGFRA mutation rarely occurs in rectal GISTs [17].

Previous studies have suggested that patients with high risk were more likely to have distant metastasis, while patients with low risk were more likely to have a local recurrence. In this study, the recurrence rate and metastasis rate were not statistically significant in the two groups. The reason for this might be the sample size was not large enough and the time for follow-up was relatively not long enough. Landi et al. described that patients with local resection had a higher postoperative recurrence rate, while in this study, patients with anal resection accounted for only 13.3%, and patients with anal operation had the shortest hospitalization time [18]. Because of the special anatomical structure, different surgical methods are directly related to the quality of the patients' life after operation [19]. Although the incidence of anal fistula was the highest, it seemed to be the first choice for rectal stromal tumors less than 5 cm.

Imatinib can selectively inhibit the growth of stromal tumors by blocking the c-Kit-mediated signal pathway [20]. The partial remission rate of the inoperable stromal tumor can reach 40% [21]. In this study, the remission rate of the inoperable rectal stromal tumor after taking imatinib was 61.5% (8/13). Fujimoto et al. reported that imatinib could prolong the survival period and improve the rate of anus preservation [22]. In this study, 15 patients who used imatinib before the operation were all succeeded in anus preservation, and the rate of anus preservation without using imatinib was 85.7% (18/21). Postoperative adjuvant treatment is determined according to the risk of malignancy [4, 5]. The risk of rectal stromal tumor is high, but the clinical experience is not enough. It is necessary to make clear its clinical characteristics, development and outcome, apply individualized treatment plans to patients, and make close follow-ups after the operation. However, how to improve the diagnosis rate before the operation, how to choose the operation method, how to determine the dose and time limit of imatinib treatment in the perioperative period are still controversial, and multi-centered prospective research is urgently needed.

Conclusion

Rectal GISTs are becoming increasingly common, and complete resection of the tumor is the cornerstone of the treatment of localized GISTs. In our study, most of the tumors were localized within 6 cm from the anal verge, so trans-anal/trans-perineal and trans-sacral surgery were more common and safe, the recurrence rate had no difference in each group for now, but a longer time for follow-up is still needed.

Conflicts of Interest

None.

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Research Article

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© 2023 Chujun Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Hosting by Science Repository.

DOI: 10.31487/j.SCR.2021.05.04

AUTHOR INFO

Author Info

Yi Lu

Junrong Chen

Honglei Chen

Jiachen Sun

Xianhe Kong

Weijie Zhong

Chujun Li

Corresponding Author

Chujun Li
Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China

FIGURES & TABLES

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